You are correct, ardyhash. That was a typo on my part. I've updated it to reflect the correct filename (/etc/asterisk/extensions_custom.conf). If you used the incorrect name then the dialplan would not have been included properly and would never have been executed as you saw. You are also correct that you could name the context whatever you want and then set your trunk to drop the calls into that context, although the context would need a slight adjustment:
[custom-inbound-context]
exten => _X!,1,GotoIf($["${CALLERID(num):0:1}" = "+"]?plusstart:noplusstart)
exten => _X.,n(plusstart),NoOp(Changing Caller ID number from ${CALLERID(num)} to ${CALLERID(num):1})
exten => _X.,n,Set(CALLERID(num)=${CALLERID(num):1})
exten => _X.,n,Set(CALLERID(ANI)=${CALLERID(num)})
exten => _X!,n(noplusstart),NoOp(Caller ID does not need adjustment)
exten => _X!,n,Goto(from-pstn,${CALLERID(num)},1)
Without that last line to pass the call off, the call would not progress any further. For this example, you would need to adjust your inbound settings on your trunk to have:
context=custom-inbound-context
instead of:
context=from-pstn
In my case I just needed to strip the + and not the +1, so setting the inbound context to "from-pstn-e164-us" was not a viable option for me but it could work for others.